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Vliv teploty ve stáji na mléčnou užitkovost a pohybovou aktivitu holštýnských dojnic ve vybraném chovu
Vaňkátová, Eliška
The thesis deals with the effect of temperature in the barn on milk yield and locomotor activity of Holstein dairy cattle in a selected breeding system. The evaluation of milk performance was represented by the average daily milk yield, milk components content, namely fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count and urea content. The literature review discusses the history, characteristics and breeding objective of the breed under study. It also describes the stall environment, heat stress and ways of eliminating it. Dairy performance, locomotor activity and the factors influencing them are also described. Data collection was carried out on the Vadín dairy farm in the Vysočina region. Thirty Holstein, calved within 4 weeks during the January and February. Cows were monitored for one year. The results do not show that the average daily temperature had a negative effect on the average daily milk yield. On the other hand, the effect of average daily temperature on the individual milk components was confirmed. As the average daily temperature increased, the fat, protein and urea content of the milk decreased, while the lactose content increased. The dependence of the number of somatic cells in milk on the average daily temperature was not confirmed. Also, the dependence of physical activity on average daily temperature was very weak.
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Circadian changes of the cholinergic system in various areas of the central nervous system
Křížová, Monika ; Mysliveček, Jaromír (advisor) ; Jakubík, Jan (referee)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors type 4 are one of the five subtypes of metabotropic muscarinic receptors whose knockout led to disruption of the biorhythm represented by locomotion in female mice. In this thesis, we attempted to determine the biorhythmic activity of selected components of the cholinergic system in structures of the central nervous system which are suspected to regulate circadian locomotion. These selected structures were the striatum, motor cortex, thalamus, intergeniculate leaflet, subparaventricular zone and posterior hypothalamic area. Changes of muscarinic receptor density in wild type and M4 receptor knockout female mice were measured by using autoradiography throughout the day. In the striatum, motor cortex, and thalamus, the density of muscarinic receptors type 1 and the activity of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases were also measured by autoradiography and the Ellman's method. Rhythmic oscillations of muscarinic receptor density were observed in all structures selected in both types of mice. The main brain structure responsible for the differences in the biological rhythm of wild type and M4 receptor knockout mice was identified as the striatum and motor cortex region, where the percentage of M4 receptors was highest. Diurnal oscillations were also exhibited by...
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Has UV radiation an impact on tadpoles' movement activity?
KLAPKA, Vladimír
The increasing level of the UV-B irradiation due to depleting of the ozone layer is considered to be one of the causes of global amphibian declines. The UV-B radiation causes damage to the DNA in the nuclei of the skin cells and their eventual death. In many amphibian species there was found a negative influence of the UV-B radiation on the hatching success of tadpoles and their subsequent viability. It has been assumed that tadpoles are able to actively avoid places with the higher exposure of the UV-B radiation thanks to their locomotion. In this experiment tadpoles could have chosen between a zone with the UV radiation (UV-B and UV-A) and without the UV radiation. The tadpoles have not been exposed to the UV radiation before the measurement started. The location of the tadpoles during the measurement was recorded by CCD camera. A computer program EthoVision then evaluated the time that these tadpoles spent in each of the zones and the total path length these tadpoles has swum in the zones. The measurements were performed for two groups of tadpoles differing in age to determine whether the level of development may affect the tadpoles' preference to the UV radiation. The tadpoles in both groups spent more time in the zone without the UV radiation. The tadpoles in the more advanced development phase have spent 7 times more time in average in the zone without the UV radiation than in the zone with it. The tadpoles from the second group have spent in average 2.5 times more time in the zone without the UV radiation than in the zone with the UV radiation. The total swimming path length of advanced tadpoles was almost 2.5 times longer in the zone without the UV radiation than in the zone with the UV radiation. Conversely, the total path length of younger tadpoles did not significantly differ between the zones. The total time spent in the zones with / without the UV radiation did not differ between the groups of tadpoles. Also the total path length did not differ between the groups in the zone with the UV-B radiation. However, the total path length of tadpoles had differed between groups in the zone without the UV radiation.
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The influence of the presence of invasive map turtle on the activity of brown frog tadpoles.
KLAPKA, Vladimír
The thesis focuses on the factors that influence locomotor activity of tadpoles. An important factor is the risk of predation. The presence of a predator or its metabolites induced in many species of tadpoles reduced locomotor activity. Another factor that affects the locomotor activity of the tadpoles is the presence in the group of conspecific individuals. A laboratory experiment was created to evaluate the influence of these two factors on the locomotor activity of Rana temporaria tadpoles in the presence of metabolites of invasive turtle Trachemys scripta elegans. In the experiment, the rate of tadpole's locomotor activity was expressed by the length of tadpole's trajectory which was measured by camera and evaluated by EthoVision software. The measurement results show that tadpoles in the presence of metabolites of turtle showed antipredator behavior, reduce their locomotor activity. The presence of the tadpole in group with 5 other conspecific individuals did not affect the locomotor activity. The group could only communicate with chemical signals. Conversely interaction was found between the effect of the presence of metabolites of predator and influence group. Tadpoles in the group in the presence of a predator showed greater locomotor activity than single tadpoles in the presence of these metabolites.
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Factors which are influencing circadian activity of subterranean rodents.
RÝPALOVÁ, Kateřina
Circadian clocks are found in organisms from bacteria to mammals. Research of circadian activity patterns in subterranean rodents signify light as zeitgeber. However, recent studies indicate that at least some subterranean rodent´s circadian clock could be synchronized by soil temperature. In my bachelor thesis I reviewed literature on circadian activity patterns of the subterranean rodents.
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